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   ½Ã¾îµµ¾î Æ÷½ºÅç(MIT ¼®Á±³¼ö), Á¶Áö ·çÀ̽º(ÄÚ³Ú´ë ¿¬±¸¿ø)

 

Çѱ¹ÀÌ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ °í°íµµ¹Ì»çÀϹæ¾î(THAAD) ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ÀÚ±¹ ¿µÅä¿¡ ¼³Ä¡Çϱâ·Î ÇÑ °áÁ¤Àº ¸ðµç µ¿ºÏ¾Æ Áö¿ª¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àû ÇÔÀǸ¦ °®´Â´Ù. ÇÑ¡¤Áß°ü°è, ¹Ì¡¤Áß°ü°è ±×¸®°í ¹Ì¡¤ÀÏ¡¤Áß °ü°è¿¡ ÆÄÀåÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ °ÍÀÌ¸ç µ¿ºÏ¾ÆÀÇ ¸ðµç ÁÖ¿ä ±¹°¡ ÇàÀ§ÀÚµé »çÀÌÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ¾öû³ª°Ô ±äÀå½ÃÄÑ ´ëºÏ °øÁ¶¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô´Ù.

 

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Áß±¹ÀÌ º¸±â¿¡ »çµå ·¹ÀÌ´õÀÇ Çѱ¹ ¹èÄ¡´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ Åºµµ¹Ì»çÀÏ ¹æ¾îÀÇ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸í¹éÈ÷ Áß±¹¿¡ ¸ÂÃß°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ »çµå Æ÷´ë´Â ÀϺ»¿¡ ÀÖ´Â µÎ °³ÀÇ X¹êµå ·¹ÀÌ´õ¿Í ¿äÄÚ½ºÄ«¿¡ ¹èÄ¡µÈ 7°³ÀÇ ¹Ì±¹ ÀÌÁö½ºÇÔÀ» ÅëÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ±âÁ¸ Áö¿ª¹Ì»çÀϹæ¾î ´É·ÂÀ» ¾öû³ª°Ô Áõ°­½ÃŲ´Ù. »çµå ¹Ì»çÀÏÀº ¶ÇÇÑ Áß±¹¿¡¼­ ¹Ì±¹ º»ÅäÀÇ ¼­ºÎ³ª Áß¼­ºÎ Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î ÇâÇÏ´Â ICBMÀ» ·ÎÄÏ ´Ü°èºÎÅÍ ÃßÀûÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» Á¤µµ·Î °­·ÂÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ±¹°¡¹Ì»çÀϹæ¾î ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡µµ ±â¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. »çµå ·¹ÀÌ´õ´Â óÀ½ºÎÅÍ ¹Ì±¹ ±¹°¡¹Ì»çÀϹæ¾î¿Í Á÷Á¢ ±³½ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï °í¾ÈµÆ´Ù.

 

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ÀÌ ¶§¹®¿¡ »çµå°¡ »óÃþ ´ë±â±Ç¿¡ ÀçÁøÀÔÇÏ´Â ºÏÇÑ ¹Ì»çÀÏÀ» ¿ä°ÝÇÒ ±âȸ´Â ¸Å¿ì ÁÙ¾îµç´Ù. »çµå ¿ä°Ý ¹Ì»çÀÏÀº °¡¼Óµµ°¡ ´Ê°Ô ºÙ±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ´ë±â±Ç °ø±â°¡ źµÎ¿¡ µû¶ó¿À´Â À¯ÀÎ¿ë °¡Â¥ źµÎµéÀ» Å¿ö¹ö¸®±â Àü¿¡ ¹ß»çµÅ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. »çµå Æ÷´ë°¡ ¼ö¹é±â¿¡ ´ÞÇÏ´Â ºÏÇÑÀÇ ½ºÄ¿µå, ³ëµ¿ ¹Ì»çÀϺ¸´Ù ÈξÀ ÀûÀº ¿ä°Ý ¹Ì»çÀϵé(48±â)À» °®°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¸í¹éÇÑ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. À̸¦ ³í¿Ü·Î ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, »çµå ºÎ´ë¸¦ Çѱ¹ ³²ÂÊ¿¡ ¹èÄ¡Çϱâ·Î ÇÑ °áÁ¤¸¸ ºÁµµ »çµå·Î Çѱ¹À» ¹æ¾îÇÏ°Ú´Ù´Â ½Ãµµ°¡ ¾µ¸ð¾ø´Ù´Â Á¡Àº ºÐ¸íÇØÁø´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§¹®¿¡ Çѱ¹ Á¤ºÎ´Â ¼­¿ï Áö¿ª ¹æ¾î´Â ÆÐÆ®¸®¾îÆ® Æ÷´ëÀÇ Ãß°¡ ¹èÄ¡·Î °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù´Â ½ÄÀÇ ¾î»öÇÑ ÀÔÀåÀ» ÃëÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

 

¹Ì±¹ÀÇ »çµå ¹èÄ¡°¡ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ÆÐÆ®¸®¾îÆ®¸¦ ÀÚ±¹ ±ºÀÎ(¹Ì±º) º¸È£¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÀûÀýÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î ¿©±âÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ »çµå ¹æ¾îºÎ´ë¸¦ Çѱ¹¿¡ ¹èÄ¡Çϵµ·Ï Çã¶ôÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Çѱ¹Àº µÎ °¡Áö ¼±ÅÃÁö Áß¿¡ ÃÖ¾ÇÀÇ °ÍÀ» ÅÃÇÏ´Â ¼ÀÀÌ µÈ´Ù. Çѱ¹ÀÇ »çµå ºÎ´ë´Â ºÏÇÑ Åºµµ ¹Ì»çÀÏÀ» ¸·À» À¯¿ëÇÑ ¼öÁØÀÇ ¹æ¾î ¹æ¹ýÀÌ µÇÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ¶Ç Áß±¹¿¡°Ô Çѱ¹Àº ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ´ëÁß±¹ ÇÙ¾ïÁö °ü·Ã ¸ðÀÇ¿¡ ±â²¨ÀÌ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â µ¿¸Í±¹À¸·Î ÀÎ½ÄµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀÎ °á·ÐÀº, Çѱ¹¿¡ À¯¿ëÇÑ ¾î¶°ÇÑ Ãß°¡ ¹æ¾î ´É·Âµµ ¾øÀ¸¸é¼­ Çѱ¹°ú ´Ù¸¥ µ¿ºÏ¾Æ ±¹°¡µé¿¡ ¾öû³ª°Ô ´õ Àû´ëÀûÀÌ°í À§ÇèÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àû ȯ°æÀ» ¸¸µé¾îÁشٴ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 

THAAD Will Provide No Defense for South Korea andWill Increase Political Tensions in All of East Asia

 

By Theodore A PostolProfessor Emeritus of Science, Technology and National Security PolicyMassachusetts Institute of Technology andGeorge N LewisVisiting Scholar, Judith Reppy Center for Peace StudiesCornell University

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The decision last week by the South Korean government to accept a THAAD defense system to be operated by the United States on South Korean territory has major political implications for all of East Asia. These implications will affect relations between South Korea and China, the United States and China, and relations between Japan and the United States and China. They are likely to significantly strain the relations between all of the major national players in East Asia and could well affect the ability of East Asian nations to cooperatively deal with North Korea. To understand these complex political implications one must know about how the technical facts related to a THAAD deployment in South Korea will raise tensions and influence political relations across East Asia and the rest of the world.

 

Unlike the possible political implications, there are two clear and unambiguous technical facts about the capabilities and limitations of a THAAD defense system operating in South Korea:

 

1. The THAAD radar in South Korea will have an unambiguous technical capability to track Chinese ICBMs and hand that information near-instantly over to the US National Missile Defense.

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2. The THAAD defense system will have essentially no capability to defend South Korea from North Korean range ballistic missiles.

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These two technical facts are very well understood by the Chinese and will have unambiguous meaning at the highest levels of Chinese political leadership.

 

Both of these technical facts explicitly contradict the claims of the United States with regard to the capabilities of the THAAD defense system. They signal to the Chinese that the United States will make reassuring statements while at the same time contradicting its assurances with threatening actions. They will raise questions about whether the United States truly accepts that China has a right to maintain a deterrent force against the United States. They will generally undermine China¡¯s confidence in the veracity of US policy statements and will raise important questions about whether the US can be trusted as a partner in other matters, like dealing with the North Korea problem. It will also be seen as a hostile act by South Korea against China.

 

Although U.S. officials assert that the THAAD radar will be configured in its terminal mode, in which it cannot look much beyond North Korea, within hours the radar could be converted into its forward-based mode. In this mode, the radar will be able to detect long-range ballistic missile booster stages at ranges of thousands of kilometers. The radar would then be exactly the same as the two X-band radars the U.S. operates in Japan, which are already directly tied into the U.S. Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD) national missile defense system, except that it would be much closer to China.

 

From a Chinese perspective, the placement the THAAD radar in South Korea has the unambiguous appearance that the United States is focusing its ballistic missile defenses on China. The THAAD battery is a significant addition to the U.S. regional missile defense capabilities already provided by the two X-band radars in Japan and seven U.S. Aegis ballistic missile defense ships based in Yokosuka. The radar could also contribute to the U.S. National Missile Defense system, since it is sufficiently powerful to track the rocket stages of Chinese ICBMs as they cross in front of the field of view of the radar on their way from China to targets in the West and Midwest of the continental United States. Since the THAAD radar was designed from the beginning to have the capacity to directly communicate to the US National Missile Defense, the radar would also have the ability to rapidly pass this tracking information directly to US long-range National Missile Defense system. Together with U.S. early warning satellites and the radars in Japan, the THAAD radar could provide early trajectory information on Chinese ICBMs,

 

The cuing information from the THAAD radar would reduce the need for the planned Long Range Discrimination Radar (LRDR) and other large missile defense radars in Alaska to search large areas of horizon and thereby allow them to focus all of their available energy at those points where Chinese ballistic missiles rise over the radar-horizon. Thus, the early tracking information from the THAAD radar could assist the LRDR in its mission of determining the difference between warheads and decoys.

 

As threatening as this might be viewed by Chinese planners, it does not solve the fundamental problem facing the NMD system, that of midcourse countermeasures. The chances that the LRDR could succeed in discriminating between Chinese warheads and decoys is extremely low, and would only be possible if Chinese countermeasures were so poorly implemented that the discrimination process would be possible. The chances of such an outcome are so low that for all practical purposes they do not exist.

 

This problem is reflected even in statements by the US Secretary of Defense, Ashton B. Carter. Carter authored a report on the capabilities of missile defenses like THAAD, which home on the infrared signal from warheads and decoys that concluded:

 

¡°¡¦it is a straightforward matter to design RV/light-decoy pairs which appear identical to infrared sensors.¡±

¡¦there is no fundamental principle on which infrared sensors can rely to guarantee discrimination.¡±

¡°There is no impediment in principle to deploying lightweight decoys which have temperature characteristics indistinguishable from those of true RVs.¡±

 

This reality also applies to THAAD if it attempted to intercept North Korean missiles above the atmosphere. We have shown that such THAAD intercepts could be readily defeated if North Korea simply cut its rockets into many pieces, or caused their rockets to tumble end-over-end after they completed powered flight. North Korea has already demonstrated a command of this technology by cutting up the first stage of the Kwangmyoungseong in the 2016 launch of its second satellite. This countermeasure presents THAAD interceptors with numerous decoy¡¯s and warheads each of which can only be observed as a distant point of infrared signal. As explained by Carter in his lucid analysis of this problem, the interceptor would then have no way of knowing which point of infrared signal was a warhead and which was a decoy.

This would leave THAAD only with a narrow window of opportunity to intercept a reentering North Korean missile in the upper atmosphere, before the THAAD interceptors reach their minimum intercept altitude. Because THAAD interceptor accelerate slowly, the interceptors would need to be launched before the atmosphere can remove any decoys accompanying the warhead. Aside from the obvious fact that a THAAD battery has far fewer interceptors (typically 48) than the many hundreds of North Korean Scud and Nodong missiles, the futility of attempting to defend South Korea with THAAD is highlighted by the decision to base the THAAD unit too far south to be able to even attempt to defend the Seoul metropolitan area. This leaves the South Korean government in the awkward position of arguing that Seoul will be protected by deploying additional Patriot batteries. Yet the US THAAD deployment clearly implies that it does not consider Patriot as adequate to protect its own forces.

 

Thus, the decision to allow the United States to place a THAAD defense unit in South Korea provides South Korea with the worst of both worlds.

 

A THAAD unit in South Korea will not provide any useful level of defense against North Korean ballistic missiles, and South Korea will appear to China as a willing ally of the United States in a plot to deceive China with regard to its nuclear deterrent forces.

 

The net result will be no useful additional defensive capability for South Korea and a considerably more hostile and dangerous political environment for South Korea and the other nations of East Asia

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